Types of Adjusting entries

1.  Prepaid Expenses (Prepaid Insurance, Supplies, etc.)

Original                                                                      Adjusting
Prepaid Asset                                                           Expense
Cash                                                                          Prepaid Asset

OR                                                                              OR

R         Expense                                                                    Prepaid Asset
Cash                                                                          Expense


2.  Prepaid Revenues (Unearned or Deferred Revenue)

Original                                                                      Adjusting
Cash                                                                          Unearn. Rev - Liab.
Unearn. Rev. - Liab.                                                                                    Revenue (earned)

OR                                                                              OR

R         Cash                                                                          Revenue (earned)
Revenue (earned)                                                   Unearn. Rev. - Liab.


3.  Accrued Expenses (Wages, Utilities, Interest, etc.)

Original                                                                      Adjusting
R         N/A                                                                             Expense
Payable

4.  Accrued Revenues (Interest, etc.)

Original                                                                      Adjusting
R         N/A                                                                             Receivable
Revenue

5.  Estimated Items (Bad Debt Expense, Depreciation Expense, etc.)

Bad Debt Expense
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (contra A/R)

Depreciation Expense
Accumulated Depreciation (contra building or equipment)



REVERSING ENTRIES

Only reverse the following types of adjusting entries:
º         Prepaid Expense in which original entry debited expense.
º         Prepaid Revenue in which original entry credited revenue.
º         Both Accrued Expenses and Accrued Revenues.

Do NOT reverse the following types of adjusting entries:
º         Prepaid Expense in which original entry debited prepaid asset.
º         Prepaid Revenue in which original entry credited unearn. rev.-liab.
º         All Estimated Items.


CLOSING ENTRIES

Purpose is to remove the balances from all temporary or nominal accounts (revenues, expenses, withdrawals) and place them into owner's equity (capital).  Although textbooks often show the use of an Income Summary account, in practice temporary accounts usually are closed directly into capital.  Using an Income Summary account is entirely optional and is basically an invention of academics.

Usual Steps:
º         Close all temporary accounts with credit balances (e.g. revenues) by debiting them and place the total into capital as a credit.
º         Close all temporary accounts with debit balances (e.g. expenses, withdrawals) and place total into capital as a debit.    
OR
º         Close all temporary accounts in one gigantic entry with the net amount placed into capital.

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